Evaluating the role of livelihood assets in suitable livelihood strategies: Protocol for anti-poverty policy in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Although numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between livelihood assets and strategies, only a few quantitative studies exist on the topic for anti-poverty policies with regard to the Tibetan Plateau. This study investigated 357 households in the upper reaches of the Dadu River watershed in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, using the participatory rural appraisal method. Then, applying a multinomial logistic regression model, we quantitatively analyzed the relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies, the findings of which have implications for local agricultural policy interventions. The preliminary results indicate that of the four classifications of livelihood strategies used in this study, the main livelihood strategy is that of the non-farming-dependent household type (i.e., Type III in our study) that combines agricultural and non-farm activities or practices self-employment for wages. There are significant differences in the livelihood assets owned by households with different livelihood strategies. Human, natural, and financial assets have significant influences on livelihood strategies, and the choice of livelihood strategy varies by livelihood assets. Further, with improvements in household labor capacity and cash income per capita, the livelihood strategies of non-agricultural and non-farming households may shift away from agriculture, while an increase in farmland cultivated per capita, cash income per capita, and household labor capacity may encourage households to adopt agriculture-dependent livelihood strategies. These findings contribute to research on livelihood and related development strategies and anti-poverty policies in not only the Eastern Tibetan Plateau but also other regions with similar livelihood strategies.     

阿拉善高原2种荒漠植物根系构型及生态适应性特征

根系构型决定了植物对资源的吸收方式，根系构型的变化是植物对环境的生态适应和有效生存策略。在阿拉善高原西南缘红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）-珍珠猪毛菜（Salsola passerina）混生群落采用传统挖掘法收集两种植物根系，基于量化的根系形态指标，利用几何拓扑学及分形理论分析了根系构型特征，探讨了该地区2种植物对干旱生境的生态适应策略。结果表明：红砂和珍珠猪毛菜根系均以水平分布占优，根系浅层化分布明显，混生的两种植物占据不同的生态位；2种荒漠植物均具有较大的比根长（SRL）和比表面积（SRA），红砂SRL=21.3 cm/g，SRA=7.6 cm²/g，珍珠SRL=22.4 cm/g，SRA=6.5 cm²/g，有利于水分和养分的获取；红砂根系拓扑指数（TI）、修正拓扑参数（q_a和q_b）分别为0.86、0.52、0.49，珍珠猪毛菜对应参数分别为0.93、0.76、0.73，表明2种植物根系均趋向于鱼尾形分支结构；根系分形维数值（FD_红=1.488、FD_珍=1.422）较小，而分形丰度值（lgK_红=1.855、lgK_珍=1.774）较大，表明2种植物分支相对简单，但空间拓展能力强，有利于对营养空间的占有。上述特征可能是阿拉善西南缘红砂-珍珠猪毛菜群落2种荒漠植物植物对干旱贫瘠生境的重要生态适应策略。     

青藏高原草地承载力空间演变特征及其预警

为研究青藏高原草地承载力的空间演变特征并对其进行预警，以已有的青藏高原净初级生产力数据为基础，核算了该地区的草地理论载畜量及演变趋势，并结合县域实际存栏量，划定了草地承载力的预警等级。结果表明：（1）青藏高原草地承载力整体呈东高西低的格局，其中高寒草原和高寒草甸是该地区草地承载力的主要组成部分；（2）2000-2015年，青藏高原理论载畜量由8614.89万羊单位增至9451.53万羊单位；（3）青藏高原整体处于超载状态，2000-2010年超载状况加剧，至2015年超载状况稍有缓解，草畜平衡指数由67.88%增至79.90%，再降至67.91%。目前亟需优先控制72个红色预警县（超载状态正在加剧）的牲畜存栏量，避免超载状况进一步恶化。未来需要通过控制牲畜存栏量、调整畜牧区发展布局和提高草地生产力等多项措施的结合来改善青藏高原地区的草地承载状况，维持草地生态系统的可持续发展。     

The 24-h time budget of a takh harem stallion (Equus ferus przewalskii) pre- and post-reintroduction

Focal animal sampling was used to determine the 24-h time budget of a takh harem stallion (Equus ferus przewalskii) during the 2 weeks prior to, and the two weeks following, reintroduction into the Hustain Nuruu Steppe Reserve, Mongolia. Both before and after release, the stallion spent approximately 47% of his time grazing, 6% standing, and 5% in recumbent rest. The biggest changes to the time budget after release were a 4-fold increase in the amount of time spent moving, and a 50% decrease in the amount of time spent resting in a standing position. During the middle of the day when the temperatures were hottest, the stallion exhibited less grazing and more standing resting behaviour than in the morning or evening hours. Recumbent rest invariably occurred in the hours before dawn.     

Warming increases soil carbon input in a Sibiraea angustata-dominated alpine shrub ecosystem

Plant-derived carbon (C) inputs via foliar litter, root litter and root exudates are key drivers of soil organic C stocks. However, the responses of these three input pathways to climate warming have rarely been studied in alpine shrublands. By employing a 3-year warming experiment (increased by 1.3 °C), we investigated the effects of warming on the relative C contributions from foliar litter, root litter and root exudates from Sibiraea angustata, a dominant shrub species in an alpine shrubland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The soil organic C inputs from foliar litter, root litter and root exudates were 77.45, 90.58 and 26.94 g C m⁻², respectively. Warming only slightly increased the soil organic C inputs from foliar litter and root litter by 8.04 and 11.13 g C m⁻², but significantly increased the root exudate C input by 15.40 g C m⁻². Warming significantly increased the relative C contributions of root exudates to total C inputs by 4.6% but slightly decreased those of foliar litter and root litter by 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Our results highlight that climate warming may stimulate plant-derived C inputs into soils mainly through root exudates rather than litter in alpine shrublands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

祁连山南麓高寒湿地生态系统呼吸季节、年际动态及影响因素

由于青藏高原高海拔、低温的特殊环境，使得生态系统呼吸(RE)对气候变化的响应极其敏感，然而对高寒湿地生态系统长时间尺度上的RE动态特征及驱动机制的研究相对薄弱。以青藏高原东北部高寒湿地为研究对象，分析了基于涡度相关系统观测的高寒湿地2004—2016年的CO₂通量排放动态及影响机制，对预测高寒湿地碳平衡对未来气候变化的响应具有重要意义。结果表明：高寒湿地在2004—2016年的月平均RE表现为单峰变化趋势，在8月达到峰值；年RE表现为逐年升高的趋势(P<0.05),年RE均值为(608.9±65.6) g C m^-2 a^-1;生长季RE约是非生长季RE的2.7倍，线性回归分析表明生长季RE(r~2=0.66,P=0.001)、非生长季RE(r~2=0.47,P=0.01)与全年RE呈极显著正相关。在月尺度上，分类回归树分析和线性回归分析表明土壤温度是月RE的最主要控制因素，暗示高寒湿地的土壤呼吸对整个生态系统的碳排放至关重要。在年际尺度上，生长季积温与生长季RE呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而生长季降水(PP...